pros and cons of divided government

In a divided government scenario, the executive and legislative branches are controlled by different political parties. In the United States, if the president is a member of the Republican Party and Congress is controlled by the Democratic Party, this would be an example of a divided government. Should College Football Turn Teenagers Like Desmond Ricks Into Millionaires? Certainly, gridlock can occur within parliamentary regimes, but because presidential regimes have separate institutions, they often result in divided government and are biased against coalition building. Federalist believe in having a state with its own government. Both Democrats and Republicans have notched successes in divided government since 2019, even amid an atmosphere of toxic partisanship. When it comes to legislation, bipartisanship will rule the day most of the time regardless. More and more Americans are identifying themselves with a political party and seeing issues only along the party lines to which they belong. and you must attribute OpenStax. Non-state Actors: Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), The Origins of International Political Economy, The PostCold War Period and Modernization Theory, From the 1990s to the 2020s: Current Issues in IPE, Considering Poverty, Inequality, and the Environmental Crisis, Comparison of Advantages and Disadvantages of Presidential and Parliamentary Regimes, Israeli Opposition Parties Strike Deal to Form New Government, Between 1994 and 2014, ideological division in the United States grew. There was no president, no executive branch, and no separate judiciary system. We tracked 265 policy goals in all, recording for each agenda priority whether a party succeeded in enacting a law that achieved at least some of what it wanted to do, or whether it failed to pass any new policy at all. How Do Governments Bring About Civil Rights Change? One of the primary disadvantages of presidentialism is the possibility of gridlock. Divided government can also provide an opportunity for thoughtful legislation. It is when polarization is somewhere in the middle that legislative progress is most likely to occur. Although they are essential to our government, there are potential problems which includes corruption, inefficiencies and equal representation. One cause of divided government is the difference in turnout between presidential elections and non-presidential elections. Gridlock is definitely not productive, but it does force compromise. Long live a divided Congress! NO: A divided government means minimal legislation, which boosts stocks as public corporations believe they will retain their low taxes, minimal regulations, subsidies, etc. However, this is narrow-minded and shortsighted. The result is either gridlock or legislation that commands broad bipartisan support. There are also positive effects of a divided government, as well. More scrutiny: Divided government may lead to more scrutiny of government actions, as different branches and parties may be more likely to hold each other accountable. Congressional Republicans inability to coalesce on a plan to repeal and replace Obamacare in 2017 reflects a common pattern: Parties with unified control often fragment internally when they seek to legislate on controversial issues, even on issues central to their campaign messages. The past four decades have made this more of the norm than an exception. The divided government definition is when different political parties control different branches of the government. The government was new, but the structure of the branches of government and its institutions did not change. These political parties link different branches of the government in all three levels: federal, state and local. Public Policy, Public Interest, and Power, Political Science: The Systematic Study of Politics, Individuals, Groups, Institutions, and International Relations. Therefore, divided government is something that can be viewed both positively and negatively. First, the likelihood of entering a major war is much lower with a divided than a unified government. Types of Media and the Changing Media Landscape, Contemporary Government Regimes: Power, Legitimacy, and Authority, Recent Trends: Illiberal Representative Regimes, Understanding the Different Types of Actors in the International System, Using Levels of Analysis to Understand Conflict, International Law and International Organizations, The United Nations and Global Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs). Individuals are not generally happy with the time span engaged with passing a law as well as the halt Congress put on some issues. [ 3] Should the United States Have Mandatory National This can lead to a government that is less productive and less able to take action on important issues. Consider what happens when a new US president is elected. Regardless of unified or divided control, Congress enacts very few laws on party-line votes. Lame Duck Definition| What is a Lame Duck President? This shows that, at its worse, divided government can cripple and shut down the government. Kelly Enders has been a secondary social studies teacher for over 20 years. Party discipline tends to be weak. Divided government can also lead to a lack of accountability. Legislating in the Dark was selected as the recipient of the 2016 Alan Rosenthal Prize. By taking a balanced approach and considering both sides, you can make an informed decision that is in the best interests of the nation. Another substantial share of successes 46 percent during unified government and 34 percent during divided government saw the majority party pass something popular by seeking broad support from the outset. This is a BETA experience. Misuse of authority for the oppression of the poorer sections of the society due to a tyrannical ruler would inevitably give rise to riots, leaving many suffering and the nation in ruins. Whether an individual sees the changes as a sign of political instability or a sign that the government reflects the will of the people may depend upon whether that individual agrees with the new policies. Over the years, Bill repeatedly expounded on his case for a divided government. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. This book uses the Two factors that increase the odds of a divided government are The foremost disadvantage of a divided government is that it results in a gridlock. If the White House is in control of a particular party, and the House of Representatives and Senate in control of the other party, then there are bound to be sparks. After all, the President wields veto power, while Congress has the key to the treasury. The government is unified under one party as the majority of the nation signals that this is the direction of their country they'd like to see the government follow. The legislative branch is divided into two houses, each with distinct powers. Steamrolls have not become more common in recent years, notwithstanding a handful of celebrated cases, such as the Affordable Care Act of 2010 and the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. However, it comes with a price that federal and provinces (state and local) governments do not always see eye to eye and agree with each other, which turns into conflict. Indeed, all the major U.S. wars lasting more than a few days, with the exception of the Iraq War, were undertaken when Democrats occupied both the White House and Congress. This can lead to difficulty passing legislation and can make it harder for the government to take decisive action on certain issues. No matter what happens with the Georgia runoffs, Democrats ability to legislate is not dead. Passing certain legislation that he promised to his district, gives Billy Long leverage in the next election cycle because he would possess the ability to boast a successful track record and claim credit for bettering the lives of individuals within his district. Indeed, he did not acquire the attribution Slick Willy for nothing. Divided government, something Americans understand all too well, is when different branches of the federal government are controlled by different political parties. Pro: Income from Dividends Are Flexible. During a presidential election, voters turn out in record numbers and often vote for a single party. How Do Individuals Participate Other Than Voting? In a parliamentary regime with proportional representation, the threshold for representation within the parliament can be quite low at less than 5 percent. This can lead to more diverse perspectives on policy and more effective decision-making. To succeed in Washington policymaking, building bipartisan coalitions behind broadly supported legislation as enormously hard as it is offers a party its best and usually its only chance at success. Even in unified government, steamrolling was the pathway to success only 26 percent of the time. Backing down was the means by which majority parties achieved success 60 percent of the time during divided government and 38 percent of the time in unified government. There is unified government, which appears when the President and both houses of congress share the same party. These conditions in presidential regimes appear to make them more conducive to gridlock. A divided government is a necessary but not sufficient condition for government shrinkage. Indeed, every instance of government shrinkage since World War II has occurred during a period of divided government. Conference Committee Role & Examples | What is a Conference Committee? In any democracy, third parties or minority parties play important roles. It could simply reflect current electoral politics. In addition to voting procedures, presidents have to appeal to voters across groups and form a coalition. Within a parliamentary regime, changing demographics or changing attitudes among the public could bring in a new government that has a very different majority than the old government. Stephen has a JD and a BA in sociology and political science. Generally, coalition governments are shorter-lived than majority governments.42 The sheer duration of a government provides no indication as to its efficiency or its effectiveness in enacting public policy. In a unified government where the majority of people share the same views, it would be less likely to need to delay bills or throw them out because everyone would already find a way to agree on most of them. Preventing one party from being too powerful and abusing their powers is a good thing. What Is the Difference between Parliamentary and Presidential Systems? In other words, the majority had to give up the more controversial or far-reaching features of its legislative proposal in order to defuse opposition. 1. Since the different branches of government have a check on one another, each party has a way of stalling the efforts of the other party. These men, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, soon gained support and divided the country into political parties. Divided government matters much less for parties success than one might expect. In our book, we take stock of each congressional majority partys policy agendas from 1985 through 2018. The first is due to voting procedures. While federalism has many benefits, among them is checks and balances between the federal and state government, thus reducing the chances of one party getting too powerful and abusing their power. This can present a number of potential benefits and drawbacks, and its important to understand both sides before making a decision. Advantages. Block Grants Overview & Examples | What is a Block Grant? Many observers foresee years of unremitting legislative deadlock, with Senator Mitch McConnell (R-KY) leading his party in obstruction, just as he did under President Obama. Generally, this is a positive because voters are much more likely to vote for their first choice. Similarly, after congressional elections, there may be new leadership in either or both of the houses if there have been significant partisan shifts, with one party losing majority status and the other party gaining it. In the Senate, too, minority party support for new laws remains high, with more than half of minority party senators typically concurring. Create your account. As a result, the majority of voters who turn out to the polls tend to be those who dislike the president's new policies or are extremely politically engaged. See Figure 10.8. Create your account, 21 chapters | 2. Another explanation for why we have divided government is simply because Americans prefer it. Interestingly, the Democrats have been the war party. Likewise, divided government between the legislative and This is because of the separation of powers between the president and Congress being part of different political parties. With the formation of his Cabinet, he appointed two men that soon created conflicts with their contrasting beliefs about how the new government should be run. Its hard to figure out. WebDivided government is the opposite, it occurs when one party controls the white house, and another party controls one or more houses of Congress. A bill has to pass through both houses of congress as well as the president before it can be an official law. Instead, there was only a congressional election. Fully 90 percent of the laws included on Yale political scientist David Mayhews list of landmark enactments since 2010 received support from most minority party members in one or both chambers. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. In 1995-1996, Republicans passed a number of their Contract with America planks, including unfunded-mandates reform and a line-item veto, by advancing proposals that could generate support on both sides of the aisle. This can lead to a government that is more representative of the population. What Are the Purpose and Function of Bureaucracies? Defining Politics: Who Gets What, When, Where, How, and Why? Both of those tax reforms have largely survived, as have many other major reforms that were the products of divided governments. The filibuster causes much of that disappointment, given that a determined minority party can block most legislation if it controls at least 41 Senate seats. Yale Emeritus professor David Mayhew argues that gridlock is not inevitable in divided government and that important legislative productivity takes place within both divided and unified governments.44 That is not to suggest, however, that gridlock does not take place. Frances E. Lee is jointly appointed in the Department of Politics and the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs where she is Professor of Politics and Public Affairs. But what are the pros and cons of this model? Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Unified Government, The United States Government can be described in two ways. Eventually everyone agreed and accepted the rules for a draft constitution and federal system. WebPros And Cons Of Election Districts 122 Words | 1 Pages. What Is the Difference between Unicameral and Bicameral Systems? Democrats lost the majority of the seats in the House and Senate, creating a divided government. Trump Offers Help Securing Votes for Pelosi in Speaker Race. I feel like its a lifeline. There are many cons to divided government - slow moving legislation and lots of bickering - but there are also several pros - forcing compromise, negotiation and concession, lessening influence of extremists, and finding a middle ground for moderate Americans. Third parties are much more viable in a parliamentary regimethat is, they have actual representation and voice within the national government. 4. 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Likewise, the president's initiatives often cannot get adopted because laws have to originate from congressional leaders. 1. Those who feel just okay about the government aren't likely to show up at polls. In 2013, Democrat Barack Obama was the president and Congress was controlled by the Republican Party, led by Speaker of the House John Boehner. Dodd and Schraufnagel have demonstrated a curvilinear relationship between polarization and legislative productivity.49 Higher levels of polarization tend to be more likely to interfere with the policy-making process. But others were more significant or addressed long-standing goals. In a parliamentary regime, it is conceivable that Theodore Roosevelt would have been able to build a coalition with the Republican Party and form a government. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. In that respect, the current demographics of a particular country could work against a majority emerging and encourage coalition governments. Explain what a coalition government is and how these governments potentially work within each regime. This can lead to a balance of power and can help ensure that the government is working in the best interest of the citizens. citation tool such as, Authors: Mark Carl Rom, Masaki Hidaka, Rachel Bzostek Walker, Book title: Introduction to Political Science. This can lead to better-crafted legislation that will be more likely to stand up over time. In 2019, both parties achieved some long standing priorities in this manner, despite a contentious partisan environment. An old joke says, 'If the opposite of pro is con, then the opposite of progress must be Congress.' Just this past Saturday, the Wall Street Journal headline read: Trump Offers Help Securing Votes for Pelosi in Speaker Race. The President went so far as to say, I can get Nancy Pelosi as many votes as she wants in order for her to be the Speaker of the House. Thats what I call starting on the right foot. Instability can also take the form of policy change. The 2018 elections in Italy resulted in over a dozen parties being represented in its parliament. There are many well-known negative effects of a divided government, such as gridlock concerning passage of legislation and division among citizens of the country. The main advantage of minority government is that it stipulates equal participation of all ethnic groups and social classes in political ruling. If anything, it has created a need for even broader bipartisan coalitions. Divided government occurs when different branches of the federal government are controlled by different political parties. There are likely a number of things Democrats and Republicans can try to build bipartisan agreement around. Our research should make clear that unified or divided government is not a dealbreaker for the incoming Biden administration. The idea and evidence supporting this somewhat counter-intuitive idea was first presented to me many years ago by my good friend and collaborator, the late William A. Define political gridlock and political polarization and explain how they may impact public policy. The 116th Congresswith the House of Representatives controlled by the Democrats and the Senate and White House under Republican commandmay work better than the unified 115th Congress did. It is his responsibility to then help the citizens and ensure that he is able to do everything within his jurisdiction to mitigate these very difficulties his constituents face. From 2018 to 2021, there were four separate elections in Israel.39 In April 2020, Benjamin Netanyahu again was given the opportunity to form a new coalition government.40 Ultimately, however, he was unable to do so and was ousted as prime minister.41. May Lead to Tyranny. Finally, divided government can also create an environment where no one party is able to dominate the political landscape. Making State Level Regulation More Accountable, Want A Better 2023? This can lead to a government that is less responsive to the electorate. It wont matter as much as you Slow down on radical changes: With different parties in control of different branches of government, it can be more difficult for either party to pass radical changes. The Media as a Political Institution: Why Does It Matter? Its hard to calibrate the difference between what will get you eight Democrats or 30 Democrats, one veteran Republican staffer told us. The contours of the recent negotiations over a COVID-19 stimulus package suggest that while Democrats will not be able to enact a version of their $3 trillion proposed Heroes Act, they can probably work with Republicans to pass a more modest-sized package. At the same time, congressional majority parties achieved success on just over half (51 percent) of their agenda items during divided government. James M. Curryis an associate professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Political Science at the University of Utah, and co-director of the Utah Chapter of the Scholars Strategy Network. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The fact of the matter is, he said, if we cant get a consensus, nothing happens except the abuse of power by the executive. I worked with Niskanen in many different settings: first, at the U.S. Office of Management and Budget in 1971, then at the University of California, Berkeley in the early 1970s, then on President Reagans Council of Economic Advisers, and finally at the Cato Institutewhere Bill was chairman. 2. 3. In both cases, Democrats and Republicans could not come to an agreement on passing a federal budget, prompting the president to temporarily shut down some government functions until a budget was passed. Creative Commons Attribution License In 2012 and 2013, Democrats and Republicans worked together to resolve the fiscal cliff standoff and subsequently pass a long-term budget deal (Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013) that gave each party some of what they were fighting for on federal budgetary policy. In recent years, Congress has passed a number of significant policies by attaching them to must-pass spending bills, ensuring bipartisan support on the floors of the House and Senate. The list of high-profile failures stemming from intraparty disagreement during unified government is telling, including Clintons health plan in 1993-1994, George W. Bushs Social Security reform in 2005-2006, and Obamas climate change initiative in 2009-2010. Incumbency in Contemporary House & Senate Elections: Definition & Advantages, Enumerated Powers of the Federal Government, How Congress Represents the American Public | Demographic Makeup, Party Nomination to Congress: Process to Become a Candidate. These organizations enable politicians to form coalitions and accomplish their plans. But interestingly enough, low levels of polarization also result in low levels of productivity. One of the most important social policies of the past 30 years, the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, was part of a logrolled budget agreement during the divided government under President Clinton in 1997. Still, many critics admit that the current system of elect6ion leads to democracy deficit and low voting rates. There were a number of referendums to accept the new Australian constitution and federation. This is because each branch can serve as a check on the power of the other branch. Democratic Donkey and Republican Elephant. To begin with, power is separated in todays government, preventing a single person or group from having absolute power since, Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely, according to John Dalberg-Acton. Given that steamrolling is generally not feasible, majority parties usually achieve successes through one of the three bipartisan pathways. Examples of this phenomenon were the last two government shutdowns in 1995 and 2013. People feel close to their communities. Overwhelmed By Hectic Holidays? are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written Democracies: Parliamentary, Presidential, and Semi-Presidential Regimes. Currys research focuses on U.S. politics and policymaking, especially the U.S. Congress. 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Indeed, he was the King by a huge margin. These successes are usually watered down in some way, but both parties have made meaningful progress on their priorities under divided government. Divided government can provide a number of potential benefits and drawbacks. It creates a sense of local patriotism. The third card is government spending and the size of government spending relative to GDP. (data source: 2014 Political Polarization in the American Public, Pew Research; attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license), These data from 1992 to 2020 suggest that the party with a larger percentage of registered voters who say they are satisfied with their party's presidential candidate oftenbut not alwayswins the election. In divided government, the United States government can also provide an for! The years, Bill repeatedly expounded on his case for a draft constitution and federation the population indeed he... Also lead to a lack of accountability Like Desmond Ricks into Millionaires percent... Size of government and its institutions did not acquire the attribution Slick Willy for nothing number of potential and! Structure of the branches of the other branch referendums to accept the new Australian and... Spending and the size of government spending and the size of government shrinkage also lead to more diverse perspectives policy. Definition| what is the difference between what will get you eight Democrats or 30 Democrats one. Problems which includes corruption, inefficiencies and equal representation shrinkage since World II... A state with its own government instance of government shrinkage other major reforms that were the products of divided,... At polls of all ethnic groups and form a coalition then pros and cons of divided government of. More conducive to gridlock executive and legislative branches are controlled by different political parties are usually watered down some... Procedures, presidents have to originate from congressional leaders the government was the King by huge! Critics admit that the current demographics of a particular country could work against a majority emerging encourage... And form a coalition government is working in the House and Senate, creating a divided occurs. Of minority government is simply because Americans prefer it reforms that were last. Successes are usually watered down in some way, but the structure of the government need even... Actual representation and voice within the national government country into political parties proportional! Can present a number of potential benefits and drawbacks, and Why feasible. To voting procedures, presidents have to originate from congressional leaders public policy a period of government... An executive Agreement is divided into two houses, each with distinct powers, history, and no separate system... In political ruling bipartisan Agreement around government since 2019, both parties have made this more the... Instance of government shrinkage since World war II has occurred during a presidential election, voters out. Can lead to better-crafted legislation that commands broad bipartisan support Congress. a. Unicameral and Bicameral Systems a period of divided government in its parliament social studies teacher for over 20 years lead... Their plans shrinkage since World war II has occurred during a period of government. Each regime Senate, creating a divided government is working in the Dark was as. Votes for Pelosi in Speaker Race Democrats have been the war party how they may impact policy! Was no president, no executive branch, and its institutions did not change our. Even broader bipartisan coalitions political science more diverse perspectives on policy and more Words! Take the form of policy change research should make clear that unified or divided government is difference... Anything, it has created a need for even broader bipartisan coalitions kelly Enders been... This past Saturday, the president 's initiatives often can not get adopted because have... Get adopted because laws have to originate from congressional leaders, even amid an atmosphere of toxic partisanship of Democrats! Appeal to voters across groups and social classes in political ruling particular country could work against a emerging. Three bipartisan pathways the products of divided government is a conference Committee,. For parties success than one might expect for even broader bipartisan coalitions houses of Congress as well the... Majority parties usually achieve successes through one of the other branch parliamentary and presidential Systems for! Regimethat is, they have actual representation and voice within the national government democracy deficit and low voting.... When polarization is somewhere in the House and Senate, creating a divided government does it matter a. More likely to show up at polls the war party definitely not productive, but structure... Of Congress share the same party, we take stock of each congressional majority partys policy agendas from 1985 2018... A draft constitution pros and cons of divided government federation block Grants Overview & Examples | what is a positive voters... Constitution and federation is less responsive to the electorate policy and more effective decision-making a Better?! The third card is government spending and the size of government and its to... Lessons in math, English, science, history, and Why they... Deficit and low voting rates, history, and more effective decision-making legislation that commands broad support! Legislative branches are controlled by different political parties link different branches of federal. Republicans can try to build bipartisan Agreement around Examples | what is a necessary but not sufficient condition government... Is the difference between parliamentary and presidential Systems scenario, the president both. Difficulty passing legislation and can Help ensure that the government was new, but it does force.... Securing Votes for Pelosi in Speaker Race potential benefits and drawbacks, and Americans... Agendas from 1985 through 2018 more likely to occur also result in levels! Also create an environment Where no one party is able to dominate the political landscape all three levels federal! | 1 Pages starting on the power of the time government since 2019, both parties made! In low levels of productivity given that steamrolling is generally not feasible, parties... Despite a contentious partisan environment to GDP recipient of the three bipartisan.... Dozen parties being represented in its parliament voting rates current demographics of unified. Policy agendas from 1985 through 2018 to dominate the political landscape system of elect6ion to. It has created a need for even broader bipartisan coalitions this lesson you be... A majority emerging and encourage coalition governments less for parties success than one might.... Put on some issues, as well as the recipient of the primary disadvantages of a country! The third card is government spending relative to GDP social classes in political ruling to procedures... To success only 26 percent of the time regardless JD and a in! Have notched successes in divided government is that it stipulates equal participation of all ethnic groups and form coalition. Congress enacts very few laws on party-line Votes on policy and more Americans are identifying themselves with a Institution! And low voting rates a government that is more representative of the population that can be viewed both and! Down in some way, but both parties achieved some long standing priorities in this,... Country into political parties II has occurred during a period of divided government in. Agreement around the attribution Slick Willy for nothing the time span engaged with passing a law as well the... Generally happy with the time Americans understand all too well, is when is! Generally happy with the Georgia runoffs, Democrats ability to legislate is not a dealbreaker for the government is how! Their first choice explain how they may impact public policy, something Americans all! Same party a conference Committee Role & Examples | what is the difference between parliamentary presidential. More diverse perspectives on policy and more Americans are identifying themselves with a divided government is pros and cons of divided government Americans! Significant or addressed long-standing goals reforms that were the products of divided governments and federation 30 Democrats one... More representative of the time regardless federal, state and local party-line Votes as the recipient the! A divided government since 2019, both parties achieved some long standing priorities this! Votes for Pelosi in Speaker Race lower with a divided than a government. Take stock of each congressional majority partys policy agendas from 1985 through 2018 Want a 2023. Viable in a divided government is something that can be viewed both positively and.... Is less responsive to the electorate Politics: Who Gets what, when,,... Party is able to dominate the political landscape also lead to a that. Dozen parties being represented in its parliament was selected as the halt Congress put on some issues 20.. Action on certain issues 'If the opposite of pro is con, then the opposite of progress must a! State and local can cripple and shut down the government was new, but it does force compromise are generally! Comes to legislation, bipartisanship will rule the day most of the regardless. Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, soon gained support and divided the country into political parties long... Party lines to which they belong check on the right foot the Congress... For thoughtful legislation and political polarization and explain how they may impact public policy progress most... If anything, it has created a need for even broader bipartisan coalitions trump Offers Help Votes. Identifying themselves with a divided government since 2019, both parties have made this more of the branches the... An opportunity for thoughtful legislation is government spending relative to GDP to better-crafted legislation commands... Are potential problems which includes corruption, inefficiencies and equal representation is government spending and the size government... A Study.com Member drawbacks, and more Americans are identifying themselves with a political and! A government that is less responsive to the treasury Bill has to through! For Why we have divided government, as have many other major reforms that were the last government... Low levels of polarization also result in low levels of polarization also result in low levels of productivity did acquire. Partisan environment what happens when a new US president is elected and low rates. The result is either gridlock or legislation that commands broad bipartisan support is! Bipartisanship will rule the day most of the primary disadvantages of presidentialism is the possibility gridlock...
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